Sunday 24 September 2017

Crescita E Sviluppo Di Online Trading In India


L'industria del management consulting. La crescita dei servizi di consulenza in India: Pannello di consulenza discussione di gestione come professione è un'aspirazione ambita per professionisti della gestione. Questa nota accademica cerca di definire consulenza direzionale come industria, disegnare i suoi confini, evidenziare i contributi unici di consulenti aziendali e società di consulenza, e chiarire le sfide affrontate dal settore consulenza di gestione, con un focus specifico sul contesto indiano. La nota è seguita da una tavola rotonda in cui esperti del settore della consulenza hanno partecipato. Management, consulenza indiana Storia di consulenza del settore e l'emergere di sfide di consulenza di gestione si affacciano settore Consulenza La gestione settore della consulenza: accademico Consulenza aziendale prospettiva è uno dei biglietti da primi casi di outsourcing. Le imprese e manager hanno cercato consulenze esterne e il supporto per i problemi come critici come strategia per questioni apparentemente procedurali quali la contabilità e la tassazione. Anche se l'uso di consulenti e società di consulenza è stato diffuso per lungo tempo, non vi è stata, non molte ricerche condotte sullo stesso. Management, consulenza come industria e la pratica può essere vista attraverso le lenti delle teorie istituzionali (imprenditorialità istituzionale), l'economia dei costi di transazione (problemi principale-agente, i costi di transazione di consulenza di outsourcing e di attuazione), e le teorie organizzative che studiano aziende di servizi professionali (PSF) . La ricerca accademica sul settore della consulenza si è concentrata sullo studio della pratica di consulenza, la natura di incarichi di consulenza organizzazioni si impegnano, il valore che generano per i loro clienti, e le società di consulenza modo in cui sono organizzate e gestite. Mukherji e Ramachandran (2007) etichettati outsourcing come ldquopractice alla ricerca di un theoryrdquomdashwe potrebbe estendere la stessa etichetta per l'industria consulenza pure. L'industria del management consulting ha ricevuto scarsa attenzione accademica a causa di una serie di motivi. In primo luogo, è altamente frammentata con una varietà di società di consulenza, che vanno dalla ldquobig threerdquo aziende di strategia e di consulenza a livello mondiale a un gran numero di consulenti individualindependent. In secondo luogo, l'industria non è stato regolato, a differenza di altre aziende di servizi professionali quali la contabilità e il diritto, e poca attenzione è stata posta anche ai istituzione di organismi professionali come le associazioni consulenti. Terzo, a parte le differenze di dimensioni e di scala, esiste una grande varietà nel posizionamento e differenziazione delle varie società di consulenza. Ci sono aziende che si concentrano su una serie di questioni nello stesso mercato, come le società di strategia e di consulenza, in quanto vi sono aziende che si concentrano su un dominio specifico, come la tecnologia dell'informazione (IT). Infine, la mancanza di studi approfonditi sul settore della consulenza può essere attribuita alla natura dei servizi che offermdashservices che sono difficili da studiare, misurare e quantificare. L'obiettivo primario di questa nota è quello di approfondire consulenza direzionale come industria, e chiarire il ruolo critico della società di consulenza aziendale. Questa nota contiene tre sezioni. La prima sezione delinea i confini del settore della consulenza e delinea il paesaggio di consulenza come disciplina, compresa la sua evoluzione. La seconda sezione si estende l'evoluzione del settore per mettere in evidenza il ruolo legittimo della società di consulenza aziendale e il valore specifico aggiungono ai loro clienti. La terza e ultima sezione descrive le sfide emergenti per l'industria gestione globale di consulenza e indiana. Consulenza aziendale come un'industria L'evoluzione del settore della gestione di consulenza è meglio studiato attraverso la lente imprenditoriale istituzionale. David, Sine, e Haveman (2013) ha rilevato che nel periodo emergente della consulenza direzionale (negli anni successivi alla seconda guerra mondiale), consultando gli imprenditori (a) ha evidenziato contraddizioni significative tra lo status quo e ampie logiche culturali (b) esperienza usato dal di fuori del loro campo di proporre soluzioni a questi problemi (c) ha evidenziato i benefici sociali più grandi di queste soluzioni (d) stabilito il carattere distintivo delle loro forme organizzative attraverso la definizione di codici sociali, e (e) relazioni stabilite con attori di primo piano al di fuori del campo di legittima i loro modelli di problem-solving. Tali azioni istituzionali hanno contribuito all'evoluzione di un settore che è popolata da aziende che sono sempre più simili, anche se tipicamente posizionato. Semadini (2006) ha analizzato il settore della gestione di consulenza e ha scoperto la natura diadica e multi-dimensionale della decisione posizionamento competitivo. Posizionamento molto vicino concorrenti offre alle imprese con vantaggi tra cui una maggiore legittimità, diminuito l'incertezza, e una maggiore possibilità di spillover, riducendo la loro possibilità di differenziarsi dai loro rivali più vicini, aumentando così la concorrenza diretta. Utilizzando i dati marchi di servizio del settore della consulenza statunitense, elabora come le aziende si posizionano vicino o lontano da imprese più grandi o più anziani. Mentre è importante posizionare i ProdottiServizi vicini concorrenti più grandi per ottenere legittimità, ridurre l'incertezza, e di ottenere benefici da spillover, si è constatato che le imprese si sono posizionati più lontano da anziani, aziende concorrenti direttamente per sostenere la differenziazione competitiva. Di recente, le società diversificate hanno impiegato personale aziendale con titoli che comprendono ldquoconsultantrdquo come risorse esclusive a tempo pieno. Mentre tali consulenti interni fornire alle imprese con competenze specialistiche, sarebbero parte integrante dell'organizzazione e non necessariamente portare nella prospettiva ldquooutsiderdquo che i clienti più spesso cercano. Fincham, Mohe, e Seidl (2013) individuano tre caratteristiche chiave della consulenza direzionale: (1) consulenti forniscono un supporto nella diagnosi Andor che fare con problemi di gestione (2) tali consulenti sono esterni al problema che viene affrontato, senza responsabilità di attuazione e (3) tale sostegno è fornito su base temporanea. Sulla base di queste caratteristiche, essi definiscono consulenza direzionale come comprendente attività ldquoany che ha come apparente giustificazione la fornitura di un qualche tipo di supporto nell'identificazione o si occupano di problemi di gestione, forniti da individui, gruppi o organizzazioni che sono esterni alla particolare gestione del dominio e che sono contratta dalla direzione su un basisrdquo temporanea (Fincham et al. 2013. 6). Greiner e Metzger (1983) definire i servizi di consulenza direzionale come ldquoan servizio di consulenza contratto e fornito alle organizzazioni da persone appositamente addestrati e qualificati che assistono, in modo obiettivo e indipendente, l'organizzazione del cliente per identificare i problemi di gestione, analizzare tali problemi, e aiutare , quando richiesto, nell'attuazione della solutionsrdquo (p. 7). Turner (1982). in uno dei primi articoli sul settore della consulenza, delucida otto scopi fondamentali di incarichi di consulenza, disposti gerarchicamente come: ldquo (1) fornire informazioni ad un cliente (2) risolvere un client di problemi (3) fare una diagnosi, che può richiedere ridefinizione del problema (4) formulare raccomandazioni basate sulla diagnosi (5) fornire assistenza nell'applicazione di soluzioni consigliate (6) costruzione di un consenso e l'impegno attorno azioni correttive (7) facilitando cliente learningmdashthat è, insegnamento clienti come risolvere problemi analoghi in futuro, e (8) migliorare in modo permanente effectiveness. rdquo organizzativa (Turner, 1982. 120ndash121) Consulenza di direzione aggiungono valore alle organizzazioni (tra cui i governi e le imprese del settore pubblico), fornendo loro competenze uniche non facilmente disponibili all'interno delle organizzazioni Andor nei casi in cui il le organizzazioni sono stati lenti a rispondere all'ambiente (Momani, 2013). Questa combinazione di mancanza di esperienza diagnostica con la mancanza di innovationspeed di risposta in clienti offre una ricca opportunità per società di consulenza di aggiungere valore ai loro clienti attraverso i loro capacità di problem solving. Pertanto, il paesaggio del settore della gestione di consulenza è caratterizzata da consulenti che sono (a) esterni all'organizzazione (b) assunti su base temporanea (c) valutati per la loro esperienza specializzata e competenza che non è facilmente disponibile all'interno dell'organizzazione cliente e (d) compensato per i loro consigli per migliorare le prestazioni delle organizzazioni ed educare il cliente sulla gestione dei problemi simili in futuro. Gestione settore della consulenza: legittimità e valore aggiunto Il ragionamento per il continuo successo del settore della consulenza direzionale possono essere studiati attraverso l'economia dei costi di transazione (Coase, 1937). La decisione di coinvolgere consulenti per risolvere un problema può essere visto come il trade-off tra la distribuzione interna delle risorse (gerarchia) e assunzione di consulenti dall'esterno (mercato). La scelta dovrebbe essere basata sul valore economico aggiunto netto dei costi di transazione. Per il settore della consulenza per sopravvivere legittimamente, società di consulenza e consulenti devono fornire aggiunte di valore significative che superano i costi di ingaggio. Quando l'industria era nei suoi anni emergenti, l'aggiunta di valore primario da parte delle società di consulenza è stata la fornitura di persone intelligenti, con diversità di esperienze e di esposizione, che potrebbero dare un punto di vista esterno imparziale sui problemi dei clienti e le sfide. Sarvary (1999) sostiene che la proposta di valore di consulenza delle imprese si è trasformata da fornire alle persone intelligenti per risolvere i problemi dei clienti a fornire ai clienti l'accesso alla base di consulenza delle imprese conoscenze, dal momento che i clienti e società di consulenza entrambi hanno accesso alle stesse pool di risorse per l'assunzione (MBA da scuole di business). Il cambiamento nella proposta di valore significa società di consulenza devono sottolineare il potere della sua conoscenza collettiva (acquisita attraverso esperienze di gestire più problemi, la sintesi di queste esperienze per creare nuove conoscenze, e la capacità della società di codificare e distribuire questa conoscenza per rendere facilmente a disposizione dei suoi consulenti e clienti). Maister (1993) classifica società di consulenza in tre gruppi, in base al lavoro che svolgono: (1) procedurale (lavori oggetto della solutionapproach è ben noto, ma il successo è l'efficienza di attuazione) (2) del cervello (lavoro che richiede un sacco di creatività e innovazione tratto dalla competenza professionale) e, (3) i capelli grigi (lavoro che si basa sull'esperienza accumulata). Ognuno di questi tipi di società di consulenza richiede diversi tipi di risorse e di organizzazione. Mentre le organizzazioni di efficienza basate su prosperano su grandi basi di conoscenza codificata, società di consulenza con sede esperienza basata sull'innovazione e prosperano sulla costruzione di una squadra che è sia professionalmente qualificato e rispettato, o ha una conoscenza significativa di dominio e profonda esperienza. Società di consulenza sono quindi quelle ldquoorganizations, i cui lavoratori della conoscenza (il nucleo operativo) esperto esercizio per una maggiore o minore misura il controllo su entrambi i mezzi e fini di servizio deliveryrdquo (Kipping amp Kirkpatrick, 2013. 778).world Bank taglia previsione di crescita Indias FY17 a 7 Banca mondiale taglia previsioni Indias crescita FY17 a 7 Quattro riforme, tra cui il passaggio del GST Bill, può aiutare l'economia a rimbalzo, si dice NEW DELHI: la Banca mondiale ha abbassato le sue previsioni di crescita per l'India al 7 per cento dal 7,6 per cento nel 2016-17, citando un rallentamento dei consumi e della produzione a causa di demonetizzazione e un calo costante degli investimenti e del credito vincoli privati ​​a causa di bilanci bancari deteriorati. Il mondo Banche Global Economic Prospects gennaio 2017 rapporto ha aggiunto che l'economia indiana viene successivamente impostato per recuperare la sua dinamica di crescita, con una crescita in aumento al 7,6 per cento nel FY18 e rafforzare ulteriormente al 7,8 per cento nel FY20. demonetizzazione imprevisto la graduale eliminazione di banconote di grosso taglio che sono stati successivamente sostituito con il nuovo onesweighed sulla crescita nel terzo trimestre del FY2017, aggiunge il rapporto. Deboli di produzione industriale e manifatturiero e dei servizi Purchasing Managers indici (PMI), inoltre suggeriscono una posizione arretrata di attività nel quarto trimestre del FY2017. Ciò è stato ulteriormente accentuata da altri fattori economici, aggiunge il rapporto, portando ad un crollo in tutta anni tasso di crescita. Un ridimensionamento degli investimenti privati, che riflette la capacità in eccesso, riduzione della leva finanziaria delle imprese, e dei vincoli di credito a causa di fogli banche commerciali disturbi dell'equilibrio, ha avuto anche un effetto negativo sulle attività, secondo il rapporto. Per tutto il FY2017, la crescita dovrebbe rallentare a un ancora robusto 7,0 per cento. La relazione, tuttavia, ha osservato che quattro riforme fondamentali in India nel 2016 potrebbero aiutare la crescita di rimbalzo. Questi, ha detto, sono stati il ​​passaggio del codice di fallimento e insolvenza, la liberalizzazione delle norme di IDE in tutti i settori, il passaggio di beni e servizi (GST) Amendment Bill, e l'accordo tra il governo e la Reserve Bank of India su un quadro di politica monetaria, che include la creazione di un comitato di politica monetaria e di concordare un obiettivo di inflazione flessibile. Diverse iniziative di riforma sono attesi per sbloccare di approvvigionamento nazionali e aumentare la produttività, secondo il rapporto. spesa in infrastrutture dovrebbe migliorare il clima imprenditoriale e attrarre investimenti nel breve termine. Il make in campagna India può sostenere il settore manifatturiero Indias, sostenuta dalla domanda interna e ulteriori riforme regolamentari. l'inflazione moderata e un aumento di retribuzione del pubblico impiego dovrebbe sostenere i redditi reali e dei consumi, assistiti da raccolti abbondanti dopo piogge monsoniche favorevoli. Un vantaggio di demonetizzazione nel medio termine potrebbe essere l'espansione di liquidità nel sistema bancario, contribuendo ad abbassare i tassi di prestito e sollevare l'attività economica. Demonetisation potrebbe ancora causare gravi problemi a breve termine, rallentando le riforme e che colpisce le economie più piccole che dipendono l'economia indiana, secondo la Banca Mondiale. Nel breve termine, demonetizzazione potrebbe continuare a interrompere le attività commerciali e per la casa economiche, pesa sulla crescita, secondo il rapporto. Inoltre, le sfide che incontrate nella graduale eliminazione grandi banconote e la loro sostituzione con quelli nuovi possono comportare rischi per il ritmo delle altre riforme economiche (riforme esempio beni e servizi fiscali, del lavoro, e terrestri). Il rapporto ha aggiunto che l'effetto demonetizzazione sui canali commerciali e di rimessa potrebbe anche influenzare i tassi di crescita delle economie più piccole, come il Nepal e Bhutan. Can rapida crescita della popolazione siano un bene per lo sviluppo economico La nostra generazione sta vivendo la transizione demografica più profonda mai e l'Africa è al centro di esso. Africarsquos popolazione è in rapido aumento e molto probabilmente raddoppierà la sua popolazione entro il 2050. A seconda della fonte di dati, l'Africa passerà presto 1 miliardo di persone (e potrebbe già avere) e potrebbe arrivare fino a 2 miliardi di persone entro il 2050 sto usando la UNrsquos 2009 World Population Prospects, che proietta l'Africa a superare i 1,7 miliardi entro il 2050 sulla base dei tassi di fertilità in declino bruscamente. Questo lo rende il più veloce continente, crescita e Africarsquos rapida crescita anche spostare l'equilibrio della popolazione mondiale. Entro il 2050, l'Africa sarà la patria di oltre il 20 della popolazione worldrsquos. Quando alcuni di noi sono nati nel 1970, ci sono stati due europei per ogni africano dal momento in cui possiamo andare in pensione nel 2030, ci saranno due africani per ogni europeo. Kenya rispecchia Africarsquos la crescita della popolazione. La popolazione è raddoppiata negli ultimi 25 anni, per circa 40 milioni di persone, e la rapida crescita della popolazione è destinata a continuare. Kenyarsquos popolazione crescerà di circa 1 milione all'anno ndash 3.000 persone ogni giorno ndash nel corso dei prossimi 40 anni e raggiungerà circa 85 milioni entro il 2050. Molti pensano che questo è un grosso problema. Ci sono tre ragioni per cui io sono meno certo che la rapida crescita della popolazione in Africa, soprattutto in Kenya, è la sfida fondamentale di sviluppo: in primo luogo, nonostante Africarsquos rapida crescita della popolazione e Europersquos stagnazione (anche diminuire in alcuni paesi) il vecchio continente resta molto di più densamente popolata di Africa. Se osserviamo l'Europa occidentale ndash da dove vengo ndash ci sono in media 170 persone che vivono su ogni km quadrato. In Africa sub-sahariana ci sono solo 70 oggi. Questo divario restringerà nei prossimi decenni, ma anche nel 2050, l'Europa occidentale si pensa che sia più densamente popolati di Africa. Seguo i dibattiti di popolazione in Europa, soprattutto nel mio paese (densamente popolate) home Germania. Non ho mai sentito nessuno sostenere che ci sono troppe persone in Europa. In secondo luogo, mentre la velocità di crescita della popolazione rimane invariato, le sue fonti sono differenti. In passato, la crescita della popolazione è stata trainata da un numero crescente di bambini. Oggi, e in futuro, è guidato dalla più lunga aspettativa di vita e la effectrdquo ldquobase del boom della popolazione precedente. Ci sono solo molti giovani famiglie più che hanno i bambini. Tuttavia, essi hanno meno di loro. In Kenya, il numero di figli per famiglia è fortemente diminuita, dal 8,1 bambini nel 1978 a 4,6 bambini nel 2008, ed entro il 2050 potrebbe raggiungere i 2.4. Di conseguenza, il gruppo più rapida crescita nel Kenyarsquos popolazione non è più bambini ma anche gli adulti ndash che sarà quasi il triplo nel formato da 21 milioni di oggi a circa 60 milioni nel 2050. (vedi figura 1). Figura 1 - Kenya oggi (2010) e di domani (2050) ndash il doppio della popolazione, ma non molti più bambini Fonte: calcoli della Banca Mondiale sulla base delle Nazioni Unite 2009, World Population Prospects In terzo luogo, la crescita della popolazione e l'urbanizzazione vanno insieme, e lo sviluppo economico è strettamente correlata con l'urbanizzazione. I paesi ricchi sono paesi urbane. Nessun paese ha mai raggiunto livelli elevati di reddito con bassa urbanizzazione. La crescita della popolazione aumenta la densità e, insieme alla migrazione rurale-urbana, crea maggiore agglomerato urbano. E questo è un fattore critico per il raggiungimento di una crescita sostenuta in quanto grandi centri urbani consentire l'innovazione e aumentare le economie di scala. Le aziende possono produrre beni in numeri più grandi e più a buon mercato, che serve un maggior numero di clienti a basso reddito. Il Kenya ha aziende che sono state beneficiando di aumentare la crescita della popolazione e la densità in termini di orientamento gran numero di gruppi di reddito più basso e medio-basso ndash il ldquobottom del rdquo piramide. Il loro modello di business è vitale perché possono servire una base clienti di svariati milioni, che ha aumentato del 25 negli ultimi 10 anni e che continua a crescere rapidamente. Siamo dunque davanti periodo d'oro di sviluppo in Africa è possibile, ma non vi è alcuna garanzia. Questo dipende da molti altri fattori. Come gli ultimi decenni hanno dimostrato grande popolazione e una maggiore densità di popolazione non sono garanzia di successo. Tuttavia, sembra che l'attuale modello di crescita della popolazione non è il principale vincolo allo sviluppo Africarsquos più e può anche essere una forza positiva. Inserito da Cecilia Dei-Anang il Gio, 04152010 - 15:23 Apprezzo la sua convinzione che l'aumento della popolazione non necessariamente significare più problemi, o l'ostacolo di sviluppo, per l'Africa. La mia preoccupazione è quanto velocemente il gap di formazione realistica e l'adozione di salute rigenerativa, come stile di vita, nei paesi africani possono essere chiusi. In altre parole, abbiamo bisogno capaci dipendenti pubblici al fine di garantire che i sistemi che muoiono di governo rivivono per far fronte a un numero maggiore di adulti più anziani. Come si dice, ..ci è la forza dei numeri. così rimango ottimista. Inviato da Wolfgang il Gio, 04222010 - 05:57 Grazie mille per il tuo post. Non posso più d'accordo. La questione più ampia - e non penso che un sacco di nuove ricerche è stato fatto su questo - è: Sarà la trasformazione demografica in corso con la rapida urbanizzazione, così come altri fattori (ad esempio Telcom rivoluzione) mettere più pressione sui governi per migliorare le loro prestazioni Inserito da Kobby il ven, 11142014 - 09:52 c'è la forza dei numeri. questo è assolutamente vero. Ma hai considerato il che ci sono risorse limitate in tutto il mondo e che queste risorse sono nastrate per soddisfare le esigenze non satiable della popolazione. Ora immaginate la popolazione continua ad espandersi a dismisura. ci sarebbe carenza di risorse e di fame aumenterà notevolmente, sorgerà la morte, più corruzione, furto, ecc come sarà il la popolazione essere curato se il cibo, denaro e altri beni di consumo non sono sufficienti a causa di un enorme pop. in secondo luogo il governo è meno gravata di avere una percentuale maggiore del pop. essere la forza lavoro rispetto al vecchio e giovani che avere un gran numero di giovani vecchio e superiore a quella della forza di lavoro, in quanto non funzionano. questo sarebbe portare più stress per lei e lei dovrà spendere la maggior parte dei suoi ricavi sul vecchio e bambini, dandole un costo implicito di benefici del paese avrebbe raggiunto se il governo ha intrapreso progetti con il reddito. Sono però d'accordo con il governo di prendere misure per promuovere l'educazione. perché l'Africa manca di risorse umane di qualità, nonché il know-how tecnico sulle nastratura delle risorse dotati. se fossimo elevato livello di istruzione (non solo alcuni) che avremmo andare lontano nello sviluppo per l'Africa. per cui il suo meglio per la grande popolazione di essere educati come l'Africa si sta ancora sviluppando che avere tutte le risorse naturali e una grande popolazione, con nessuna o meno istruzione. Inserito da Ernest il Lun, 05.042.015 - 12:36 Kobby buon punto lì, ma le risorse sono limitate solo nella misura in cui siamo in grado di crearli. se la disponibilità delle risorse-tipo u significa-porta allo sviluppo, gli africani sarebbero stati più sviluppati. ci sono naturali e non ci sono risorse umane. Il Canada ha più risorse naturali rispetto agli Stati Uniti, ma degli Stati Uniti ha una maggiore qualità della vita becos hanno più delle risorse umane. forze di pressione popolazione uomini fuori del loro torpore naturali per creare. il maggior numero di persone che hanno le maggiori geni prodotte per risolvere i problemi del mondo, come si leva il dividendo demografico. La Bulgaria ha la crescita della popolazione relativamente più bassa, ma non sono sviluppati. il problema è che la pressione demografica che ha costretto l'Occidente a sviluppare è smorzare l'entusiasmo per lo sviluppo nei paesi in via di sviluppo bcos siamo contenti di godere dei frutti del loro sviluppo. pressione demografica non ci obbliga a inventare automobili bcos ci sono troppe macchine esistenti, anche se Ebola focolaio è un problema africano, i vaccini per curare la diffusione è stata diffusa nei paesi sviluppati. così u vedere la motivazione interna abbiamo bisogno di sviluppare è ciò che manca e non la crescita della popolazione. Inserito da Stanly il Ven, 04162010 - 08:10 Un post molto interessante, e una discussione vale la pena. Si tratta di apt si è anche introdotto urbanizzazione nel dibattito. Sono sicuro che come capo della divisione orientale della Banca Mondiale, si avrebbe visto gli impatti sulla alti tassi di urbanizzazione e delle scorte di infrastrutture esistenti. Ci sono città che sono state costruite per ospitare meno di 500 000, molti sono oggi sede di tre volte quella cifra, e stanno crescendo ancora. Ciò che fa è spingere verso l'alto l'inflazione e abbassa il tenore di vita. Molti dei consigli locali sono stati in grado di tenere il passo con l'aumento della popolazione e migliorare l'erogazione dei servizi. Sono d'accordo che fa aumentare le opportunità di business con una maggiore base di clienti per le imprese che producono prodotti che mirano a loro, ma il problema più grande fa davvero venire a Can governi locali e nazionali investire per questa realtà Le città devono essere ampliata, l'infrastruttura deve essere aggiunti e hanno bisogno di essere nominato ai consumatori le spese per le utenze. Si tratta di una questione a più variabile, ma uno che non merita una discussione più ampia su questa nuova realtà si affaccia sul continente. Inviato da Wolfgang il Gio, 04222010 - 06:04 Stanley, si sta mettendo il dito su una questione cruciale che solo ora guadagnando più attenzione: infrastrutture urbane. Non solo città africane si trovano ad affrontare la congestione, molti (più bassi) Paesi a medio reddito hanno le stesse sfide. Tuttavia, come le World Development Report 209 punti salienti quasi tutti i paesi ricchi hanno avuto problemi simili circa 100 anni fa (e Singapore a soli 40 anni fa). Quindi è possibile fare con esso, ma non è facile in quanto necessita larga scala ammodernamento delle infrastrutture. Wolfgang Inserito da BORNFACE il Gio, 01.242.013 - 07:20 Inserito da JDesai il Dom, 04.182.010 - 18:15 E 'così piacevole vedere una visione più equilibrata sulla crescita della popolazione in Africa. Mi ricordo di una discussione con Hans Binswanger nel 1997 su questo e anche lui tenuto il parere che la conclusione asiatico non si applicava in Africa. Nella mia indagine Mozambico delle famiglie (per la Banca) ho raccolto i dati sugli atteggiamenti degli agricoltori nei confronti dei vincoli sulla produzione agricola e la pressione terra (il percorso principale per la diminuzione della produttività marginale logica di crescita della popolazione) non erano il vincolo più importante citato dagli agricoltori. Un'intera generazione di demografi africani è stato il lavaggio del cervello dalla lobby popolazione di Washington che ha tenuto veloce per la convinzione che la crescita della popolazione è un male per lo sviluppo - nonostante il rapporto del 1986 NAS che ha mostrato non vi era alcuna prova per questa vista. Subito dopo il modello di simulazione Coale-Hoover c'erano Julian Simon-s modelli di simulazione che hanno mostrato che il risultato opposto, ma purtroppo tutto questo ha ottenuto scaricati dalla retorica politica dei tempi (vista Simons divenne la base per la Reagan governi inversione di tendenza nel conferenze popolazione). USAID ha mantenuto i progetti di crescita della popolazione finanziamento da anni - con nomi diversi RAPDID, OPZIONI, POLITICA - perché la lobby della popolazione in DC rifiuta di lasciare qualsiasi altra voce essere ascoltato. Questo non vuol dire che la salute riproduttiva e delle donne di empowerment sono aspetti non importanti per limitare la fertilità, ma che è una questione separata. Se si effettua il caso che la crescita della popolazione in countrlies come il Kenya (e forse anche l'Etiopia) non è il problema principale di sviluppo, poi ci sono tanti altri paesi con molto più bassa densità di popolazione, e più terra coltivabile, in cui la crescita della popolazione è un male per argomento sviluppo cade piatto. Un modello Boserupian fa un sacco più senso nei paesi africani con bassa densità di popolazione a causa di piccole dimensioni, sparsi, l'agricoltura di sussistenza rende di marketing agricolo meno vitali (costi fissi sono troppo alti). Inviato da AR il Lun, 04192010 - 09:12 Mi chiedo se i paesi africani, con le loro istituzioni, spesso deboli possono cooperare tra di loro e di elaborare e applicare un sistema di gestione sostenibile delle acque. L'acqua sta per essere un problema enorme negli anni a venire. E 'stato più di 10 anni da quando i paesi del bacino del Nilo hanno avviato i negoziati un quadro di cooperazione e ancora cant d'accordo. Senza cercare di suono pregiudizi, le forme meno democratiche di governo di solito visto in Africa sono piuttosto probabilità di impegnarsi in politiche populiste o addirittura di guerra per evitare di affrontare la questione. Credo che la crescita della popolazione è solo andare per aggiungere lo stress a questo problema, piuttosto che sollievo. Speriamo mi viene a pessimista. Inserito da Stefano Barazzetta il Lun, 04192010 - 10:33 Grazie per il tuo blog interessante, signor Fengler. Durante gli ultimi giorni ho navigando sul web cercando di capire dove la crescita della popolazione rispetto al dibattito la crescita economica si sta dirigendo. Curiosamente, ieri ho trovato un articolo di The Economist, che offre 3 ragioni per non essere ottimisti su quello che sarà il risultato od transizione demografica africana. (Economistdisplaystory. cfmstoryid14302837) In sostanza, ciò che The Economist dice è: 1-Anche oggi l'Africa lotta per fornire per la sua gente. Africa oggi produce meno cibo pro capite che in qualsiasi momento dopo l'indipendenza. Se si tratta di nutrire la sua gente, l'Africa ha urgente bisogno di una rivoluzione verde 2-Afriche famiglie sono sotto maggiore sforzo di Asias o latino-americano erano quando le loro transizioni demografiche hanno iniziato prima 3-La terza ragione per il pessimismo è violenza politica Afriche, la corruzione e la debole o le istituzioni di governo inesistente. Secondo lo studio di Harvard, la qualità istituzionale è di vitale importanza per la conversione di una crescita della quota in età lavorativa in un dividendo demografico. Naturalmente ther cant essere solo una aswer alla tua domanda, ma Id piacerebbe conoscere la vostra opinione sul suddetti punti. Best, Stefano Inviato da Wolfgang il Gio, 04222010 - 07:05 Stefano, grazie mille per questa risposta riflessivo. Afriche continua trasformazione demografica può essere un fattore positivo per il prossimo decennio (s) - ma non deve essere come lei ha giustamente evidenzia. I migliori economie Afriche stanno facendo più fertilità diminuisce perché i due vanno insieme. Sui vostri punti specifici: agricoltura. Si Africa ha bisogno di un settore agricolo prestazioni migliori e più grandi mercati (cioè persone) può aiutare come si ottiene più le economie di scala. Ci sono un certo numero di agro-industrie emergenti (vedi il mio blog precedente) ma sono ancora troppo pochi e in generale troppo debole. Tuttavia, non tutti i paesi ha bisogno di essere autosufficiente nella produzione. Singapore non è mai stata e sembra stia facendo bene. Ma la politica per il commercio agricolo e la riforma è una questione molto spinosa in tutto il mondo. Asia e America latina transizione demografica. Sono interessato a vedere le prove. In Asia è iniziato più di 2 decenni fa, ma non vi è la variazione tra e all'interno dei continenti. La domanda chiave è: anche se le famiglie sono davvero in uno sforzo maggiore, può il miglioramento degli indici di dipendenza e rapida urbanizzazione contribuiscono ad un migliore sviluppo economico Poor governo. Sono d'accordo con l'essenza del punto (veda anche il mio altre risposte). Tuttavia, nella Banca Mondiale è stato vedere un sostanziale miglioramento delle politiche di tutta l'Africa (vedi indicatori CPIA) nel corso degli ultimi anni. La risposta alla crisi globale è stata eccezionalmente forte. Ma in termini di diversi indicatori governanceanti-corruzione in Africa è ancora in ritardo le altre parti del mondo. Grazie ancora Wolfgang Inserito da Carlos ROCHA il Mer, 06.222.011 - 12:25 Deal tutto. L'Africa ha le risorse naturali che il mondo ha bisogno. L'Africa è uno dei mercati in più rapida crescita. Popolazione giovane, l'Africa sarà la prossima frontiera della crescita. Perché, Cina, Unione europea, Stati Uniti d'America ha voluto Africa Certo Africa ha bisogno di aggiornare Stato di diritto e la corruzione, anche il buon governo. sono molti buoni esempi in Africa. Ultimo, l'Africa ha un territorio che più grande poi USA, Europa, Cina, India, altoghether migliore Carlos Scritto da Anonimo il Ven, 03.022.012 - 16:37 Inviato da Wolfgang il Gio, 04.222.010 - 06:12 Cosa pensi Fondamentalmente è come con lo sviluppo in generale: è possibile (vedi est asiatico), ma non è inevitabile (vedi Africa) il mio argomento principale è: Continua a guardare dinamica della popolazione, ma essere meno preoccupati se la transizione demografica è già in atto e tassi di dipendenza declino. A sostegno di molte delle altre risposte avrei concentrarsi di più sui fattori di fondo che hanno indetto Africa indietro: Governance, infrastrutture e servizi sociali. With rapid urbanization there are many possible positive dynamics. Submitted by Tom on Tue, 04202010 - 07:33 I also appreciate the different and somewhat more positive analysis the author provides of population growth in Kenya. However, apart from the comments already provided, it is important not to forget about the scarcity of resources. Unlike Europe, most African countries are not self sufficient in terms of food production. I wonder how the additional millions of Kenyans will be able to feed themselves, let alone if they have to rely on imported products. It would be interesting to turn to some analyses from more populous countries in Africa (Nigeria, Ethiopia, DRC) and investigate to what extent they can attribute their limited socio-economic achievements to population growth. Submitted by Josephat Sanda on Wed, 04212010 - 06:40 Personally I am not worried at all with the projected increase in our population in Africa. To me I see a lot of positive things with increased population than negative ones. We meed to take advantage of major breakthroughs in Science and Technology and ensure our continent is connected through ICT and we train a critical mass of world class scientists and ICT experts. We have the resources let us use them prudently. Along the same line, we need to establish special universities for Africa as well as a state of the art 24 hour Pan-Africa Television which needs to be on air before the end of 2016 with more tham 20 channels. Dar Es Salaam Tanzania Submitted by Mr. Lowe on Sat, 11262011 - 14:51 Dear Joseph, Thanks for comment. In reply to your blog, I think you are just been optimistic. Anyway, I keep hold of Thomas Malthus View: population grow at a geometric rate while food supply increase at an arithmetic rate. His line of reasoning is that over time population growth will outspace food supply on earth which I believe some african countries are currently going through or if not at the verge of seeing it. The development equation for Africa is not only about ICT or having african universities for Africans. On my own stance point, I dont see development as something that should be imposed nor is it accidental. But must be calculated and implemented. We (Africa) need calculated time intentional for our development. Additionally, dignity of labor and self sufficiency are among the most appropriate wayforward for any nations development. Submitted by Marco d039Errico on Wed, 05052010 - 11:45 Dear Wolfgang, thank you so much for this interesting post. I went through the Kenya Economic Update you worked out last December, and then came here looking for other news on Kenya. I was thinking about the first argument you use to support your idea. Well, I dont think you can compare actual Europe with actual Kenya. The fact that population density in the old continent was more than double time that of Kenya doesnt imply that Kenya economy could feed as much people as Europe did. But, indeed, I do believe that population growth may be a chance to Africa as an whole and to Kenya in particular. It all depends on whether infrastructural and structural reforms will be implemented or not. Clearly, Im really scared about disparities, as that of large farmer gaining advantages by NCPB and high food prices and small holder farmer and other net buyers carrying on the burden. But well find the way I hope Submitted by Hudson Lucky Masheti on Tue, 05112010 - 05:25 The English classical economists, notably John Stuart Mill, discussed diminishing returns in the context of population growth. They said that population tended to diminish the average return to labour. More workers would have to be employed in producing food for the growing population. But the total amount of the land was fixed. Therefore output per worker would fall, thereby lowering standards of living, as more labour was combined with a given amount of land. It was true that, as population increased some land not formally used might be brought into cultivation, yet standards of living would fall owing to diminishing returns to labour upon the given area of better land already cultivated. In agriculture, therefore, output per worker would tend to fall because each worker on the average would be assisted by a smaller amount of land than before. In manufacturing, however, output per worker would tend to increase. For machinery is taking the place of hand labour and it seemed probable that, as time went on, each worker on the average would be assisted by more capital than before. Great majority of the population were employed and had to be employed on the land. Food is the basic need of mankind. When incomes are low, they are spent mainly on food. So long as the labour of one man on the land provides food for little more than one family, the bulk of the population must be engaged in agriculture. Unless productivity of labour could be increased in agriculture, standards of living are bound to fall as population continues to grow. Hence not surprising that the English classical economists advocated a reduction in birth rates in order that standards of living might be maintained and improved instead of being forced down by population pressure. In late 1840s, there was little indication of great developments in transport that would enable Great Britain to be fed in wheat from Canada, beef from the Argentine, mutton from Australia etc. Still less could anybody expect to foresee what is called the industrial revolution in agriculture the invention and improvement of machines eg combine harvester - that has produced spectacular results in increasing output per worker Populations have expanded greatly but, at any rate in the Western world, there has been a marked and continuous increase in the returns to labour, in agriculture and other industries, over the past hundred years. The tendency to diminishing returns might be counteracted for a time by the progress of knowledge. No doubt they were thinking of the kinds of improvements that have been taking place since about the middle of the eighteenth century discoveries such as better methods of controlling pests and diseases of plants and animals, etc. But they thought that the tendency of diminishing returns was always present and would prevail in the ling-run if population continued to grow. Hudson Lucky Masheti Kenya Submitted by Hesbon Onyango Odhiambo on Thu, 10232014 - 02:51 The point made by Hudson about the scarcity of land and the onset of diminishing returns in the long term is poignant. This is particulary instructive given, as he says, that food is prime, and scarce to boot both from the point of view of humans and even living things in general. Luckily, the air we breathe, which is even more basic as a need is not limited and is free for all. The concept of the diminishing returns is pervading and it does not just operate at the level of food production. It operates in the daily usage of earthlings of all the resources on the planet, most of which are scarce and not renewable: fossil fuels, forest cover, industrial land, you name it. Whereas increased population may bring a surge in development as has been evidenced by China and Nigera, overtaking or about to overtake the US and South Africa respectively in production throughput, the short and long term benefits population brings about are always measured in the aggregate. At the per capita level, the story is ever differen when sustainability is taken into account. In the long run, as populations increase, the effects of diminishiing returns will always nullify the aggregate benefits at the per capita level. This happens by the very definition of per capita growth. As a corollary, those who root for quality of life as opposed to quantity of life will for ever shirk advocating for population increases. Submitted by Doug on Mon, 05312010 - 12:33 Income per capita in many African countries is below where it was in 1950, while the populations in places like Tanzania have gone from 7 million to 44 million. In some 18 African countries, over 70 of workers work in Agriculture. You need land to produce food. Africa does not have enough food. That Germany has a denser population is utterly irrelevant -- Africa cannot apply the same agriculture technology as Germany bc the climate and soil conditions are completely different. This stuff is not rocket science, but demographics and agriculture are far and away the two key issues in African development, or in development anywhere, anytime, anyplace. Submitted by Anonymous on Tue, 06222010 - 08:21 Dear Mr. Fengler, you said, that no country has ever reached high income levels with low urbanization. That might be through, but also no country has ever reached high income levels with a high fertility rate (TFR) (with exception of the oil-producing countries). You just have to compare the actual TFR and the HDI-rank of all countries. And the TFRs in almost all African countries are still very high and have a big influence on the actual population growth, while the life expectancy in some countries is fallen again because of the HIVAids-pandemic. Therefore, in my opinion, population growth is a challenge for Africas development, because all successes in the sectors of education, labor market, economic growth, health. are devoured by the growing number of people (see also the (missing) achievements of the Millenium Development Goals in most African countries). So, I would be pleased, if yo can give any real evidence that population growth might have an positive effect. Sincerely, F. Kowalski Submitted by richard grant on Sat, 07172010 - 14:50 You ignore an absolutely fundamental difference between Africa and Europe, and this is the amount of rainfall. In arid or semi-arid environments, like south and east Africa and the Sahel, you can only support the numbers you are envisaging through food aid, or possibly by mining aquifers, but this would be a short-term solution Submitted by F. DE CONZ on Wed, 08042010 - 11:15 Mr Fengler, I consider your argument quite convincing, and useful in bringing up the issue (and showing its importance) of demographic transition in Africa. Stefano is quoting Th Economist to partially caution yr optimism but the same Economist, several weeks back, published an interesting account of demographic transition in Latin America, a key factor in explaining current positive economic performance of that sub continent. The core of the matter seems to be then how to put at work the more people who are healthier and better educated. The real challenge has not much changed: how to create the most suitable environment for this key resource to produce development. Finally, in recent years aggregate GDP growth in Sub-saharan Africa has been higher ( 2000-08 average 4.7 per cent ) than population growth: one more reason to be optimistic. Submitted by Satish Lakhani on Thu, 10072010 - 05:08 Dear Mr. Wolfgang, I say, My Dear, let us think First of eradicating poverty from the entire world not rapid population growth for economic development. Next comes atleast basic education for all. For economic development you dont need man power, western world is super fast in developing automatic computerised machines which can produce one months consumption in one day. Freind. Let us all educated and whole of Buerocracy work for the eradication of poverty world over. Agriculture should be the prime object and concern of each country. Every countrys economic growth depends mainly on Agriculture first and then Industries. Love to everyone in the forum. Satish Submitted by basil on Wed, 10272010 - 10:55 u cant achieve high economic growth with raising population Submitted by YASIR on Sun, 01162011 - 16:41 What cause urbanization are other factors such as rapid population growth, education, health facilities, job opportunities, unemployment, technology in agriculture sector cause redundancy, better living standards, feudal system, entretainment facilities etc. People choose to migrate bcoz they want to earn more and send back their earnings to their struggling families. Cities are more centralized in respect of services, money and wealth. I want to know either controlling population growth will lead to development or making new urban centres, bcoz the trend is living in urban areas, as per person output or efficiency increase Submitted by Lucinda on Sat, 02052011 - 06:49 I agree a higher population would lead to smaller cost of production but you then went on to say that therefore the price of the output would be cheaper and more affordable. Dont you think this wouldnt neccessarily be true as if one is assuming factors of production are cheaper then the assumptiuon is workers are being paid less so in real terms the price may not be cheaper Submitted by Anonymous on Wed, 03092011 - 10:37 Of course people dont think there are too many people in Europe. The question here is not whether there are, currently, too many people but rather whether the demographic shifts, coinciding with an increase in arid, dry land and a rapidly changing global climate will mean large, displaced groups of people unable to thrive in their extant conditions long before the economy and agricultural technology (as mentioned in a post above) are able to catch up. Further, the exacerbated burden any growing economy places on the Earths climate should be of global concern. Evidence suggests that rapidly growing populations draw down heavily on the Earths resources and decrease our ability to adapt to climate change. As the Earths resources become increasingly strained, there is little reason to think that a rapidly growing population without the technology, stable governance or national policy to help attend to its needs in the short term will increase maternal deaths, overburden education systems, impinge on efforts to adapt to climate change, increase political instability in the long-term and many more intractable and difficult problems. While your arguments concerning the growth of the adult population (signifying a developing and increasingly stable economy) and the potential for economic growth that could potentially accompany this population growth are well-taken and strong points. You fail to consider that the burden this places on the climate may be deleterious to economic prosperity. Submitted by egocentrisme on Wed, 03092011 - 20:57 BASIL. u cant achieve high economic growth with raising population -- I dont think so. If it was the case, there would be no economic growth in South-East Asian countries. Submitted by Wolfgang on Fri, 10282011 - 09:15 Well, I think this has has the history of mankind: Rising population and rising population. It has also been the case in Asia: from 2.5 in 1975 billion to some 4 billion today. Which populatilon numbers are you working off Submitted by Anonymous on Sat, 03102012 - 18:27 Hi Wolfgan, We see that urbanization is increasing rapidly in the developing world, what do you think will be the impact of this socioeconomic change Submitted by stuart Grubb on Fri, 05062011 - 21:39 If we are talking about Kenya then Ok, but as for the rest of the continent Why the green fertile belt goes though Kenya, Uganda, the Congos and not much further, southern sudan, and an few more countries. but that makes Kenya already the main importer of foods to Uganda, Tanzania and the main player in East Africa. as you say Kenya is aiming imports though Africa, and it also supports many of the countries in the green belt due to the quantity or lack of they produce. so kenya is doing it. who is owning this land mainly Governmental or companies with invested interest in that particular government so Nothing new their so again the rich get richer. can other countries step up like Kenya. with poor roads, added cost of maintainable vehicals, and high fuel prices this all adds up as you say, Infrastructural, i say, challenges are huge and the income is not their to pay for it, more people move to the capital seeking work allot of these cities were build 50 years ago, sickness and sanitation, again not the money, or the will to do it, OK Kigali has but that is not a large city by any means more of a town i share and agree with high population can bring a prosperity. but i also agree that the average wage being 30 dollars a month in truth i am with you, but in hart it will take allot longer than 50 years witch takes us to your population prediction of 2061. and Africa will still be trying to sort out agriculture when it should already be on with industry especially in rural area we are and will be one step behind, government is the key, but they dont listen and wont be moved like they say its a job for life, president in Africa no matter how much you mess up because 90 of the people dont understand and dont know what good governance is because they have never had it, education is no were in rural areas and is way behind standards in the city. im no expert but when you say With rapid urbanization there are many possible positive dynamics. Nigeria and Uganda are the fasted growing countries population wise in the world, so i here or maybe thats just africa i even have to query your professionalism as an African to say, or name what we have, what we have built, what we want and most of all who will pay is unlikely. i would love to make a road map, plan for Africa because its so easy, instead we end up with document after document of extremely overpaid bodies giving their sympathetic nod the the ones above, how many NGOs how many government aid schemes, the money they waste, they could of built Dubai, go in rural Africa the truth is they are not their So we know one thing the population will grow living conditions may, if your lucky not to live in a war zone or, brutal dictatorship, improve slightly in some developed areas, but dont be expecting paradise when it could so easily be, So one i agree, with you, but they are too many underlined fundamental problems that talk will not solve, in any African so called Organisation and African agriculture on large scale is one of the most corrupt industry in the world if not No 1. pay the people and they will work, like someone said previosly the Nile basin deal hasnt been done yet, or anyother thing that was supposed to be done 10 yrs ago Still trying to live the dream, as always good luck everyone and thanks for reading Wolfgang keep up the good work, just wondering is that a Surinams for Governance of Africa, Submitted by Laura on Sun, 06122011 - 17:32 I found the article very interesting and it is a different view. It is great to see things in a different way. However, I still believe it is a very optimistic portray of reality. I think that population growth in very poor families will only add to poverty. Very poor families sometimes cant afford to send their children to school, and even when they can they dont do it since their children must start working at a young age to contribute to the family. Usually, very educated people tend to have less children, so the increasing population would be mostly the poor and uneducated, who would benefit more if they could afford to send their children to school, to have the means for good family planning, etc. It is true that businesses could benefit, but in most private businesses only the heads see the rewards. Just look at China, where the population is so big, and factories hire thousands of people that only make a little bit of money. It is therefore, more important to have a better quality of life as a country, than to have a few very rich which might even cause more corruption. Also, I dont think it would be beneficial for anyone, and just think of the environment, since even though there is a lot of land that could still be used, as this land is used for farming, or other human purposes it will greatly deteriorate the environment. We also have more knowledge today, and a greater population than ever before. I think to create large cities in Africa it would be better to create great cities where large populations could relocate, instead of just using every inch of land available. Third, even though many developed countries have dense populations, one main reason for this is immigration. It is human nature to seek what is better for us, so an increasing population in a poor country could lead to more immigration to developed countries, causing denser populations. I think the real goal would be to educate the already large enough poor population of the world, give them new opportunities, help them plan their families, and as this is done create more countries that offer a good quality of life. Submitted by frontalier on Sun, 07032011 - 16:37 I think its good but it should never be too rapid. Submitted by Abdulrahman Abdu on Mon, 09192011 - 10:55 On the world map, the Federal Republic of Nigeria is located about 10 degrees north of the equator at the western coast of Africa. The Federal republic of Nigeria or Nigeria for short is the most populous country in Africa and the eighth most populous country in the world. Nigeria has a total land area of about 924,000 square kilometers about 1.5 percent of which is covered with water. Nigeria has a total population of about 155 million people (followed by Ethiopia the second most populous country in Africa with about 86 million people) with the population growth rate around 2 percent. Nigeria shares borders with the republic of Niger in the North, the republic of Cameroon and Chad in the east, the republic of Benin in the west and the Atlantic Ocean (Gulf of Guinea) in the south. Nigeria comprises of 36 different states with Abuja (Abuja has a total land area of about 713 square kilometers and a population of about 900000 people) being the federal capital of Nigeria. Nigeria comprises of about 250 different ethnic groups with Igbo, Yoruba and Hausa being the three most dominant ethnic groups. There are more than 550 different languages spoken in Nigeria today (according to history, Nigeria had about 1500 different languages most of which are dead due to outside influence) with English being the official language and Pigdin (broken English) being the street language. Although just about 50 of the total population above age 15 can read and write English Language, almost the entire population do speak and understand pidgin which helps a lot in communication especially on the streets. Most African countries especially the English speaking countries such as Ghana also speak and understand pidgin which helps a lot in communication between these countries. Although not border neighbors, Ghana and Nigeria share a lot in common more than any other countries in Africa. Nigeria is a very rich country in terms of natural resources and wildlife. Nigeria is an oil rich country and one of the leading oil exporters in the world today. Despite the abundance of natural resources and the beauty of Nigeria, Nigeria has the largest poor population in Africa. Nigeria unlike Ghana or any other African country suffers the most from population explosion. CORRUPTION, poor management of funds, political instability and poor governance continue to tear Nigeria apart. Nigeria is the most corrupt country in Africa with very high unemployment rates. Almost all political figures in Nigeria today engage themselves in corrupt activities leaving the people with nothing but extreme poverty and hunger. Although Nigeria has many graduates, most of them end up on the streets with nothing at all to do after college. Most of these unemployed graduates engage themselves in online internet scam and fraud (popularly known as 419 business) just to survive. Between 50-60 percent of the Nigerian population live below poverty line. Most people have given up on education because they find nothing useful to do with their certificates after college. These days you see children of school-going age roaming about on the streets doing petty trading. About 3 to 5 million of the Nigerian population are living with HIVAIDS and most children on the streets have lost either one or both parents to HIVAIDS. Ethnic and religious conflicts especially between Muslims and Christians also worsen the situation in certain parts of Nigeria today. Submitted by ALEXANDER M on Tue, 10042011 - 11:17 ThanK u so much for this well formulated article. The advantages of growing population were considered and discussed but the ultimate challenge is, high population cannot foster the economy when the largest portion is poor. Thus for the high population to be relevant, the population is supposed to be having the purchasing power to buy the good and service. when the purchasing power is visible then the population can form a good market for the goods and services which will encourage investment hence job creation and economic growth. However if the population is comprised of poverty striken citizens like as it is in most african countries then expect doom. Therefore for high population to be relevant, majority of the population are supposed to be above the povert line. Submitted by Anonymous on Wed, 12212011 - 10:29 The only positive outcome from Africas rapid population growth is that theyll serve as canaries in a coal mine to the rest of the world. Its completely absurd and irresponsible to people to even THINK that good things could come from RPG on countries that are already struggling to survive with their current populations starvation and diseases and wars are what we are going to see in africa and in many other places due to overpopulation Kicking so many cans down the road and denying responsibility for our reckless overconsumption, relentless overproduction and rampant overpopulation activities today can fulfill nothing more than the promise of a disastrous future for children everywhere tomorrow. Choosing now to live outrageously greedy lifestyles that are soon to become patently unsustainable provides all the wrong lessons to our children, who must learn to live sustainably before it is too late for human behavior change to make a difference. Submitted by YONATAN on Fri, 12232011 - 07:58 RAPID POPULATION GROWTH IS NOT GOOD FOR AFRICA BECAUSE RAPIDE POPULATION MUST GO WITH RAPID INFANT STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT SO THAT FOR AFRICA IT IS VERY BASIC TO SLOW DAWON THE POPULATION GROWTH RATE MUST GO WITH THE TH EECCONOMIC GROWT RATE Submitted by Anonymous on Thu, 02092012 - 15:03 The vicous cycle is: Too poor to have more children, too many children make us too poor. Submitted by Anonymous on Tue, 03062012 - 05:20 population is increasing rapidly than food suppy. our economy is under pressure of satisfying every 1 need. it is also increasing environmental degradation and pollution Submitted by Ibrahim uthman on Thu, 03152012 - 15:40 When there is a positive change in economic growth, how will it get to the people in the rural area as you know the kind of govt we have in nigeria Submitted by Sam on Tue, 03272012 - 06:10 Its hard to say but Africa would need to be less corrupted at ebginning to stand a chance, i mean if you send 1 millions dollars to lets say Nigeria, they will be 9. 999 000 for average corrupted guys to put the money in their pocket. Submitted by paul oloche on Fri, 04202012 - 07:35 How can a young individual(a student) in this kind of environment creat wealth inspite the deadness of situation. the challage to start small is presently high compering it with starting big. how do we move fromhereInternational Journal of Scientific amp Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 7, July-2013 226 Growth and Development of Tea Industry in Assam International Journal of Scientific amp Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 7, July-2013 227 Tea industry in Assam Assam is located in the North-East of India surrounded by seven states viz. Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Tripura and West Bengal. It also shares its two boundaries with two countries viz. Bangladesh and Bhutan. The total geographical area of the state is 78,438 sq kms which is about 2.4 percent of the total geographical area of the country. According to the 2011 census the population of Assam stands at 3, 11, 69,272 of which 1, 59, 54,927 are males and 1, 52, 14,345 females. The economy of Assam continues to be primarily agrarian and the agricultural sector is providing employment to more than 50 percent of the rural population. This sector contributes 25 percent to the State Domestic Product (2010-11). Even though Assam is rich in natural resources and has a few agro and mineral based industries, still the state is industrially backward by Indian standard in many aspects. Economic development of the state depends on the production of the state. The government had been making continuous efforts to develop the already existing agrarian economy and to improve the other sectors of the economy in the state. Tea is considered as one of the main agricultural produce in the state and is reputed all over the world for its aromatic quality. The other agricultural produce in the state are rice, potatoes, pulses, jute, sugarcane etc. Different fruits like bananas, jackfruits, pineapples, mangoes, guavas are also produced in the state. The major industries in the states are petroleum and natural gas, coal, tourism, limestone, granite and tea industry, some other industries are fertilizers, sugar, paper, rice mills food processing and sericulture. Some traditional industries are brass-metal International Journal of Scientific amp Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 7, July-2013 228 works, bamboo and cane works, spinning of endi, muga silk, pat silk, black smith, wood carving, village carpentry, gold smith, pottery, weaving etc. Tea industry was doing well in the beginning of 20 th century and was recognized as one of the major manufacturing industry in Assam with an enormous potential. It boasted relatively better workforce due to its majestic position in those days. The organization of the British in this respect was quite commendable the infrastructure had reached snooty heights, the employment prospect were rising day by day even the freedom movement never actually affected the tea trade. After Independence, there was a radical change that took place in tea industry as some of the tea estates in Assam came under control of Indians by purchasing maximum shares at the stock exchange or buying the tea estates directly. Most of the new buyers were not aware of tea plantation and lack of knowledge of the trade and a desire to make fast money from the business they ignored the basic requirements of labour essential for plantation. They appointed unskilled labourers with low salaries and did not give adequate attention to improve the tea gardens. As a result, the quality of tea was adversely affected and consumers started complaining at the London tea auction. Countries like North America, Australia and Britain shared more than 80 percent of Indias export. Due to unprincipled actions of India owned tea gardens, lesser known tea producing countries such as Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Japan began blowing up in the international market. The demand for Indian tea in the international level went down, but some Indian owned tea gardens in Assam priced significantly well in the international market as these tea gardens were given more attention by big agency houses in Kolkata and yielded better result. International Journal of Scientific amp Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 7, July-2013 229 The Indian Government abolished the managing agency system at the end of the 60s decade, which has destabilized the English stronghold on tea estates in India and forced them to walk out of the Indian tea plantations. The planning commission hereafter decided to restrain absurd practices of the tea estates to improve its form. Assam on its part has the largest domain for tea plantations and enjoys as the largest producer of tea in the world by employing utmost number of labourers. Tea industry in Assam contributes significantly in the development of state economy. The figures had moved on to more than Rupees 5000 crore annually as agriculture income, the number append up as the state also receives a share of income tax and export duties from the centre. After the departure of Europeans, the supplies of tea chest are being looked after by various plywood industries of Assam and these industries provided employment to a vast number of people. It also opens market for Assam coal and the fertilizer industry as fertilizers and coal is needed by the tea industry. Therefore, it can be accomplished that tea industry shares 15 a significant employment burden for the state of Assam directly and indirectly. Tea is considered as the most important crop in Assam. It has been producing some of the finest teas in the world. Assam produces about 51 of the tea produced in India and about 16 th of the tea produced in the world. The climate of Assam favours to produce sweetness and tangy tea in the region. The worlds largest CTC tea auction centre is in Assam and the worlds second largest in terms of total tea. Assam mainly exports its tea to Europe and Middle East countries and also to Pakistan, Egypt, Japan and Israel. Tea is grown in both the Brahmaputra and Barak plains in Assam. Tea gardens are mostly found in Dibrugarh, Tinsukia, Sibsagar, Jorhat, Golaghat Darrang and Sonitpur International Journal of Scientific amp Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 7, July-2013 230 districts of Assam. About 17 of the workers of Assam are engaged in the tea industry. Though Assam plantation generally produces black tea, the region also produces smaller quantities of green and white teas. There are more than 850 tea estates and more than 2500 tea gardens in Assam that covers thousands of acres of land. The tea industry in Assam is about 180 years old. This industry plays an important role in the state economy as well in the national economy. The first Indian tea produced in Assam was sent to United Kingdom for public sale in the year 1838. Subsequently tea cultivation was extended to other parts of the country between 50s and 60s of the last century. As of today, Assam tea has retained its international standard and commands significant share in the world market. The tea industry in Assam also gives average daily employment to more than six lakh persons in the state, which is around 50 percent of the total average daily number of labour employed by tea industry in the country. The total area under tea cultivation in Assam is accounting for more than half of the countrys total area under tea. In addition to existing big amp large tea gardens owned by reputed both Indian and multinational Companies, the profession of tea plantation in the State has taken up by common man as business venture at present, especially by unemployed youths Assam alone produces more than half of Indias tea production. The estimated production of tea in Assam was 511.9 thousand tons in 2007. During the year 2006, the quantity of production of tea in Assam was 502.0 thousand tons. International Journal of Scientific amp Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 7, July-2013 231 Tea statistics of Assam and India The development profile of tea industry in Assam in terms of production and growth rate of area during the last seventeen years (1990-2007) is given below: Source: Economic Survey Assam 2009- Tea statistics. Tea Board of India International Journal of Scientific amp Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 7, July-2013 232 It can be observed from the above table that the growth in number of tea gardens in Assam and India was nominal till 1995 number of tea gardens in Assam was 848 in 1990 which has enhanced to 30942 in 1999. The Tea Board of India included the small tea growers in its official statistics since 1998 and it has shown a massive 97.25 percent increase of tea gardens in Assam in 1999 and 85.98 percent increase in all India level which was lower than all Assam growth rate. The overall compound growth rates for the period 1990 to 2005 for Assam was 56.99 percent which was much higher compared to 29.37 percent of all India level. The area under tea in Assam was 231 thousand ha in 1990 which has grown only to 321 thousand ha in 2007 and the area under tea has increased to 28.03 percent, during the same period tea production in Assam has increased from 388,181 (000 kg.) to 511,885 (000 kg.) with a growth rate of 24.16 percent. The growth rate of area under tea at all India level was 28.02 percent and the growth rate of production was 26.97 percent. Although similar growth rate of area under tea was maintained in Assam and at all India level, however the growth rate of production at all India level was slightly higher by 1.05 percent than the growth rate of Assam. The compound growth rate of area under tea in Assam was 1.65 percent which was same with all India growth rate of 1.65 percent (1990-20070). During the same period the compound growth rate of production of tea in Assam was 1.39 percent and the all India growth International Journal of Scientific amp Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 7, July-2013 233 rate of production of tea was 1.58 percent which was marginally higher than the growth rate of Assam. The average yield of tea per hectare in Assam has reduced from 1,680 kg in 1990 to 1,593 kgha in 2007 showing an overall decline of -0.54 percent, even at all India level tea productivity had negative growth from 1731 kgha to 1706 kgha during the same period with an overall decline of -1.46 percent. The tea productivity growth rate of Assam was higher than the national growth rate. It has been observed that although the production of tea depends on the area under tea, it is also affected by factors like old tea bushes, heavy cost of production, unskilled workers, financial constrains etc. Due to fall in exports and slump in the international market, the producers opted to cut production in conventional tea and laid stress on production of quality tea to realize better per unit price. International Journal of Scientific amp Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 7, July-2013 234 District wise Area under Tea in Assam (1989-2007) Source: Tea Board, Guwahati (Figures in hectares) International Journal of Scientific amp Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 7, July-2013 235 The area under tea of different districts of Assam (1989-2007) is presented in the above table. From the point of tea growing areas, Assam is generally separated into two regions, viz. Assam valley and Cachar. Assam valley consists of the Brahmaputra valley with the districts of Dibrugarh. Sibsagarh, Lakhimpur, Darrang, Nowgone, Kamrup. Goalpera, Karbi Anglong and North Cachar Hills districts. Among the ten districts of Assam, Dibrugarh district with large area under tea has maintained the highest rate of increase of area under tea with 44.65 percent followed by Lahkimpur, Karbi Anlong (1990-2007), Goalpara, Sibsagarh, Nowgone, Kamrup, North Cachar (1990-2007) and Darrang districts with 38.54 percent, 37.84 percent, 29.54 percent, 27.78 percent, 11.31 percent, 10.19 percent, 9.16 percent, 5.14 percent respectively. However Cachar district has reflected negative growth rate of area under tea during the same period (1989- 2007). Dibrugarh has the largest area under tea with 33 percent followed by Sibsagar district with 28 percent next Darrang District with an area of 16 percent which followed by Cachar District with 13percent and Nowgone District with 3percent and remaining districts Lakhimpur, Goalpara, North Cachar, Kamrup and Karbi Anlong share with 2, percent, 1 percent, 2 percent, 1percent and 1 percent respectively. International Journal of Scientific amp Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 7, July-2013 236 District wise percentage of Area under Tea in Assam (1989-2007) International Journal of Scientific amp Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 7, July-2013 237 District-wise Production of Tea (In Thousand Kgs.) Source: Tea Board, Guwahati, NEDFi data bank District-wise production of tea, figures of Tea Board, Guwahati, and NEDFi data bank, revealed that Dibrugarh district has recorded the highest production during the period 1989 to 2007, which has significantly amplified from 139205 thousand kg to 225321 International Journal of Scientific amp Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 7, July-2013 238 thousand kg with an overall increase of 61.86 percent, followed by Karbi Anglong with 60.01 percent (1990-2007). During the same period Goalpara, Sibsagarh, Lakhimpur, Nowgone and Darrang, districts have reflected the overall growth rates of 45.21 percent, 25.19 percent, 13.80 percent, 11.99 percent and 8.46 percent of production respectively. Total production of Cachar district was 39112 thousand kgs in 1989, which has increased to 44131 thousand kgs in 2007 with fluctuating trend in between 2001 to 2006 with an overall growth rate of production of 12.84 percent. However, Kamrup and North Cachar(1990-2007) registered negative growth rates with -12.90 percent and -2.84 percent respectively. The total Assam tea production grew at 34.76 percent. During the last 19 years (1989-2007), district-wise production of tea in Assam, Dibrugarh district contributed the maximum with 38percent, followed by Sibsagarh district with 25 percent. The contributions to tea production from other Districts in Assam are Darrang, Cachar, Nowgoan, Lakhimpur, kamrup, Goalpara and North Cachar with 19 percent, 10 percent, 3 percent, 2 percent, 1 percent and 1 percent respectively. However Karbi-Anglong district registered zero contribution to total tea production in Assam. International Journal of Scientific amp Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 7, July-2013 239 District wise percentage of production of tea in Assam (1989-2007) Karbi An North - Cachar Source: Tea Board, Guwahati, NEDFi data bank The district wise growth rate of average yields of tea in Assam, in the last 19 years (1989-2007), more or less was negative in all the districts of Assam except Cachar, Darrang and Goalpara districts. Growth rate of average yield (kg hectare) for Cachar, Darrang and Goalpara districts were 22.29 percent, 3.13 percent and 2.26 percent respectively. However, the remaining districts Kamrup, Lakhimpur, International Journal of Scientific amp Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 7, July-2013 241 Dibrugarh, Nowgoan, Sibsagarh, Karbi-Anglong and North-Cachar registered negative growth with -21.89 percent, -30.05 percent, -10.42 percent, -0.69 percent, -9.58.6 percent, -0.51 percent and -11.68 percent respectively. The total average yield of tea in Assam during the period 1989 - 2007 has declined from 1655 kgs per hectares to 1593 kgs per hectares showing an overall decline of -3.74 percent. Tea producing regions have been recording unstable yields, which generally depend on a series of things including productivity of labour, the productiveness of land, and the technology to be used, the quality of seedlings and climate of the area. The causes for the low-yield position may be credited to a number of factors such as constant absenteeism and alcoholism, lack of workforce stability, poor equipment and improper management and old tea bushes. Low frequencies of replanting and in filling have also crimped yields in the region. Replanting involves uprooting old bushes, rehabilitating soil, planting and protection until maturity. International Journal of Scientific amp Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 7, July-2013 242 Growth of area (hectares), production (kgs), and yield in (KgHectares) of tea in Assam during 1989-2007 The Assam tea industry experienced ups and downs in its growth during the period of 18 years. Area under tea cultivation increased by 40.05 percent with an average annual growth rate of 2.22 percent and the percentage increase of production was 34.75 percent with an average annual growth rate of 1.94 percent. However, yield per ha decreased by -3.74 percent with negative growth rate of - 0.20 percent during the same period. The above table highlights that annual growth rate of area under tea cultivation was higher than the growth rate of production and productivity of tea. The area under tea increased steadily over the years but this did not lead to a proportional growth in productivity of tea. International Journal of Scientific amp Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 7, July-2013 243 Month-wise Production of Tea in Assam, (2007-2008 and 2008-2009): Source. Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Govt. of Assam. International Journal of Scientific amp Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 7, July-2013 244 Month-wise percent of tea produce in Assam 0 January March International Journal of Scientific amp Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 7, July-2013 245 Month-wise percent of tea produce in Assam, International Journal of Scientific amp Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 7, July-2013 246 It is observed from the above graph that in the month of September (2007-2008) the production of tea in Assam registered the highest production with 85999 tones. From April 2007-2008 to July 2007-2008 tea production had increased gradually from 33929 tons to 61908 tons showing an overall increase of 82.46 percent and in the month of August production declined to 52167 tones. After September, the production of tea shown a declining trend, from October to February the production declined from 67544 tons to 1714 tones with an overall decline of 97.46 percent (2007-2008) and yet again in March, 2007-2008, tea production has enhanced to 4738 tons. In the month of August 2008-2009 tea production has registered its maximum at 77555 tons. From April to August production enhanced from 37711 tons to 77555 tons showing an increase of 105.65 percent with a marginal fall in the month of May. In September 2008-2009 tea production has slipped to 56911 tons and yet again enhanced to 74139 tons in the month of October. In the period, November to February overall production has significantly declined from 38643 tons to 112 tons showing an overall fall of 99.71 percent. Which was a major concerned for the tea industry in the region although it has picked up yet again in the month of March with an enormous production of 16448 tons. It was observed that month-wise tea production in Assam during the financial year 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 show more or less similar tempo of tea production. In the region, production gradually picks up from March, continues until September-October, and slows down from November to February. This trend of tea production in Assam can be attributed to climate situation. Tea production is much higher during the period August to September. After November tea International Journal of Scientific amp Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 7, July-2013 247 production comes to an almost standstill due to severe winter which is not International Journal of Scientific amp Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 7, July-2013 268 Setting up of a Separate Cell to look into the developmental needs of the Small Growers. There is an increasing demand for opening new offices of the tea Board to meet the demands of the small tea growers of North Eastern Regions. As the existing Board is functioning with less manpower, pile up with heavy additional work load like implementation of SPTF and Orthodox subsidy scheme, small grower cell etc. It has become unattainable for the Board to meet the demands of the North Eastern Regions as well as small growers because the number of small growers has gone up enormously in recent years. Taking into consideration all these, a suggestion has been submitted to Government for expansion of technical manpower of the Board for efficient administration of small growers cell and for opening of new filed offices in all the important areas of small grower concentration. The suggestion of the Board is under active contemplation of the government. Problems of small Tea Growers (i)Unorganised growth - Green leaf production from the small tea growers is not able to harmonize with the requirement of tea market. Moreover, the entire production process of green leaf is not properly channelized to tea processing amenities. It was observed in many cases, for tea cultivation, incongruous land is used affecting the quality as well as productivity of tea. (ii) Land Patta and title - Most of the small tea growers do not have land patta and they are deprived of being registered with Tea Board. As a result, they could not avail the benefit of plantation subsidy scheme and bank loan. Although, there is a provision for issuing provisional registration to the small tea growers with annual patta, normal land, etc based on certificate holding for tea plantation. International Journal of Scientific amp Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 7, July-2013 269 (iii) Technical backup - There is a wide technological gap between trained and untrained small tea growers. Small tea growers may be imparted training in certain areas like drainage, manuring, weedpest control, pruning etc. (IV) Ecological Imbalance - The growth of small tea plantation has reported a large-scale ecological problem by way of clearing village wood lots. The commercial forestry (bamboo plantation, etc.) has vanished and crops like orange, pineapple, sugarcane, and citronella have been replaced by tea. (V) Climate Change - is bound to have major impact on the tea industry in Assam. Rising temperature, flood, drought and minimum temperature are the factors reducing yields and alternating the unique essence of the most popular drink. The changing taste of Assam tea is a serious concern for the tea growers and the changes will sharply slow down the demand for this variety of tea abroad. Assam promised to strengthen small tea growers Even though small tea growers are (STGs) not getting due attention from the Tea Board as well as from the government, recently the state government realising their significance contribution to tea industry promised to look into the welfare measures of this unorganised sector by forming a corpus. It demanded a separate directorate of the Tea Board in Guwahati for STGs and said will compel Tea Board to look into the issues pertaining to STGs and extend full cooperation to them. Supporting the contribution of STGs to tea industry, Chief Minister Mr Tarun Gogoi said We will not tolerate that Tea Board will look only the big tea growers. International Journal of Scientific amp Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 7, July-2013 270 We want inclusive growth. Tea Board will have to extend full cooperation or we will compel them to do so. The green leaf cess collected from STGs will be used to fund the special corpus, which can be utilized for the welfare of STGs and other tea labourers, said Assams industry minister Pradyut Bordoloi while releasing a data bank on STGs, which is a first such initiative for gauging STGs in the state. The data bank found around 68,465 STGs in Assam and their contribution to total tea production in the state is nearly 25 percent and around 5 lakh families are connected with small tea cultivation. Mr Pradyut Bordoloi, Industry Minister of the state has taken initiative for the welfare of STGs and related labourers by deciding to form a special fund to deal with problems of this unorganized sector. It was decided that about 35 percent of the total fund will be utilized for the welfare of the unorganized labourers connected to STGs as they are deprived from all benefits enjoyed by organized sector. With the help of this fund STGs will able to get trainings and other tea related research at Tocklai Tea Research Association like organized sector. Assam has been witnessing a silent revolution for the past 15 years as more and more people were taking up tea cultivation. Today, rural unemployment has almost ended in most of the Upper Assam districts as tea cultivation gave the people a new avenue to earn livelihood, said Bordoloi. According to the data bank, the total land under tea cultivation of small growers is 117 thousand acres. It found that there is shift from paddy to tea cultivation in high lands in Upper Assam. International Journal of Scientific amp Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 7, July-2013 271 It found that 59,717 small tea gardens have the holding size of less than 3 acres, which is 87 per cent of the small tea growers in the state are small farmers. Small tea growers produced around 400 million kgs of green leaf in 2008 and it is expected to touch 500 million kgs in the coming years. The State Government of Assam conducted a survey in 14 districts which indicated that there were more than 68,000 small tea growers. The State Government offers to continue the survey in the remaining 13 districts and also re-survey the 14 districts surveyed earlier so as to specify those small tea growers who have been left out during the initial survey. The Government of Assam has, on 7th February, 2011, notified the ASSAM CESS UTILIZATION POLICY, 2010. The main aim of this policy is to make stronger the small tea growers and workers related to the small tea growers gardens by providing financial support. The intent of this policy is also to organize the small tea growers into self-help groups for setting up of tea factories in the co-operatives sector so as to bring about quality, as well as to get better price of green leaf on the basis of price sharing formula of the Tea Board. The government of India through the Tea Board of India has taken several steps for the development of the small tea growers in the country. They are offered financial support for the re-plantation, rejuvenation of old tea bushes, modernization of tea processing units, market promotion and for the welfare of the tea garden workers. A separate Directorate is being established at Dibrugarh in International Journal of Scientific amp Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 7, July-2013 272 Assam to deal with the developmental requirements of small growers. The Tea Board of India is taking major step for the small tea growers in Assam to make the small growers sector an organized one, Vice-Chairman of the Board Shri Dinesh Sarma mentioned in one of the conference held at Kumarakom in Kerala, who is also the vice-president of All Assam Small Tea Growers Association. The vice-chairmanaposs post is important as he is the second-in - command and chairs meetings in the absence of the chairman and takes decisions. The small tea growers sector has long way to go as this sector is covered with several problems. The Tea Board is trying to help this sector and for the first time has projected an outlay Rs 300 crore for the development scheme in the Twelfth Plan, which would help them to turn into more organized and climb up the ladder of success. There was a time when members from the small tea growers sector were apprehensive about entering the offices of the tea board. The situation has changed now and we have emerged a major player by the sheer dint of hard work, quot Sarma said. Unveiling his plan, Sarma said the small tea growers would have factories of their own and their own brand too. Having a brand would help us have our own identity, quot he said. From official sources it has been confirmed that the Centre had sanctioned 95 posts for the small tea growers directorate comprising 82 technical and 13 non-technical posts. The placement envisages one development officer for every 3,000 growers and one factory advisory officer for every 25 bought leaf factories. International Journal of Scientific amp Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 7, July-2013 273 Despite of all these efforts only 4, 966 small growers could be registered till March 31, 2012, out of estimated one lakh small growers in Assam because of non-availability of documents. The small tea growers have been facing lots of criticisms for not maintaining quality of tea, so they are given extra attention by starting awareness campaigns for them to maintain the quality of their produce. Executive director, Tea Board Northeast, Rakesh Saini, said that the Board was now reaching out to small tea growers and would help them in every way possible. The Telegraph, Calcutta, India Thursday. June 28. 2012 ROOPAK GOSWAMI Sustainable Livelihood for Small Tea Growers through CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) p 51-56 Promotion of Small Tea Industry in Assam. Press Information Bureau Government of India Ministry of Commerce amp Industry 21-March-2012 17:12 IST Business Standard July 30, 2011, Assam vows to uplift small tea growers - Supratim Dey Tea File Vol 1 April to September 2010 Bulletin Tea Board of IndiaPublished:2008-10-16 Author: Rajiv Sighamony Source: rexertea. blogspot ) Assam, India: The Assam Tribune Online, India Tea industry a road map ahead - Small tea growers in Assam and West Bengal (p513) Gd Banerjee and Srijeet Business Standard Aug29 2011 Supratim Dey Tea Industry of Assam 27th April 2011 The Telegraph, Honchos root for tea harvest, Santanu Ghose Feb 16, 2012 Singpho People and Organic Tea by Surjit Khound, Origin and development of tea Benoy B Sen Compiled and editor p191-194 International Journal of Scientific amp Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 7, July-2013 274 Tea Industry A Road Map Ahead, Issues of Tea in National Perspective, Chap18 P-338 Tea Industry in Transition Ch-7, Tea Farming in Northeastern Region and Size Efficiency of Tea Estates p166- 167, GD Benerji and Srijeet Banerji The Hindu, Business industry, Assam Tea Output Crosses 500m kg, Sushanta Talukdar. Feb 17, 2012. Assam Tea Industry after Japan Fiasco Overview of Indian Tea Industry, Project report p1-p3. RAM SECTOR REPORT Tea Industry The Green Gold of Ceylon September 2010, P7-8

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